فصلنامه برنامه ریزی منطقه ای
پیاپی 49 (بهار 1402)

Reducing poverty and inequality are among the most important goals of planners in different societies, such that the first goal of the Millennium Development Goals is to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger. Regarding the necessity and importance of studying poverty, especially food poverty, in various provinces of the country from the planning point of view, this paper aimed to zoning the poverty line and the percentage of food poverty of rural households in Iran from 1997 to 2013.. Based on this, raw data of household income-expenditure provided by Statistics Center of Iran was applied. In this study, the basis for measuring poverty was the absolute poverty line, which was estimated based on the need for calories. In order to zoning, cluster analysis was employed using SPSS software. Findings related to the trend of minimum and maximum poverty line showed that the minimum poverty line has undergone a relatively constant trend, while the maximum poverty line has fluctuated somewhat, such that the years 2003, 2012 and 2013 had the highest value. In general, based on the results of the average percentage of total poverty from 1997 to 2013, South Khorasan province had the lowest and Tehran province had the highest percentage of food poverty. In addition, the average percentage of food poverty of rural households during the years 1997-2013 has ranged approximately between 10 to 70%. Finally, the results of cluster analysis to zoning similar provinces in terms of average percentage of food poverty showed three provinces including Isfahan, Mazandaran and Tehran had the highest percentage of food poverty, seven provinces including East Azerbaijan, Hormozgan, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Fars, Gilan, Alborz and Yazd had relatively high percentage of food poverty, 19 provinces had moderate food poverty and the two provinces of North Khorasan and South Khorasan had the lowest percentage of food poverty. Therefore, planning to reduce poverty and food insecurity requires regional and geographical orientation so that the rural areas of the provinces with high percentage of food poverty be given more consideration.

Today, one of the major manifestations of continued underdevelopment can be seen in the continuity and even widening of the income and wealth gap between rich and poor countries in the world. In other words, in all countries, both advanced and backward, there are areas that have less growth and development than other areas, and the people of these areas have a lower level of welfare than others for reasons beyond their control. On the other hand, the experiences of all development theories show that achieving development at any level and with any goal requires principled, efficient planning and exact implementation. But the main question is what is the reason that some areas, including rural areas, which have important resources and advantages for growth and development, not only have not made any progress, but also remain as an underdeveloped area compared to the surrounding areas. The main purpose of this study is to summarize studies on barriers, challenges and underdevelopment traps or known as poverty traps in rural development using content analysis method. This research is among the documentary and library researches. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the research approach is quantitative-qualitative with emphasis on qualitative. The statistical population of the study includes all published articles related to the research subject, used in Iranian and foreign publications. Based on the search in a valid database, 95 articles were selected and reviewed. The results of the research show that according to the content analysis of the studies, the underdevelopment trap in rural areas has been studied in 4 criteria (productivity trap, social vulnerability trap, institutional trap and environmental trap). The most indicators related to productivity trap, vulnerability trap, institutional trap and environmental trap are product price fluctuations, lack of capital and savings, weakness of institutions and lack of infrastructure and communication network compared to other indicators, respectively. Also, in general, social vulnerability traps and related indicators have received more attention than other underdeveloped traps in rural areas.

One of the challenges in the process of urban development of developing countries in the future to achieve the desired and sustainable development is their rapid growth. Today, achieving such future development is important and necessary to solve environmental, economic, social, and physical problems, as well as to address existing gaps and determine future perspectives, and to present different scenarios. The purpose of this article is to present different scenarios of urban development in the southern part of East Azerbaijan province. The research method is descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose and exploratory in terms of method. In this research, Mickey Mac software, Wizard scenario and cross-effects can be used to analyze quantitative and qualitative information. The results of this study show that in the study area, 5 key factors are the main actors and influences on the development process, whose situation is not suitable at present. Although the possible scenarios show high hopes for the occurrence of favorable conditions in the southern part of the province, the occurrence of critical conditions is not far from expectation. The results of this study also indicate 11 believable scenarios with different combinations of situations, the probability of occurrence in the southern part of the province, which unfortunately the probability of negative events is the highest probability of occurrence. Although fewer of these scenarios are desirable and most of the 11 scenarios show unfavorable conditions, but the probability of realizing critical conditions in the southern part of the province is much higher than the probability of realizing favorable conditions. Therefore, among the possible scenarios, the first scenario is the most important and probable scenario for the development of the southern part of East Azerbaijan province.

The growing population of our country, Iran, in recent decades and the increasing desire to migrate from rural to urban areas has caused the rapid and unbridled growth of cities. Therefore, urban areas will become the main place of many possible disasters. At the same time, one of the issues that most cities in the world are grappling with is the issue of natural disasters. Natural disasters, which are part of the process of human life, are a major challenge to achieving sustainable development of human societies. On the other hand, the unsuccessful implementation of urban regeneration projects has caused attention to a new phenomenon called sustainability in urban projects, which is the main approaches in the field of sustainability, revitalization of urban textures and emphasis on regeneration. In this regard, the western coastal cities of Mazandaran province, due to their geographical and natural location, which annually receive a large number of tourists, have suffered from wear and inefficiency in their center and are exposed to numerous damages and crises. Therefore, in this study, by applying the futures research approach and using structural analysis in Mick Mac software, the drivers of resilience have been identified and analyzed with the male regeneration approach. The sampling method of this research is unlikely to be snowball and subjective judgment. Accordingly, an initial group selected on the basis of subjective and purposeful judgment is asked to identify relevant experts. Accordingly, the initial group consisting of 8 people were selected. Then, in four rounds, each of the introduced experts was asked to introduce experts based on the definition of the statistical community; finally, 35 experts were identified and selected as a statistical sample.. Based on the analytical results of the structural analysis matrix in MicMac software, the physical part variables had the greatest impact on the regeneration with the resilience approach in the study area and the institutional factors had the least impact.

With the onset of globalization and the beginning of new paradigms, changes in trade and business took place. Jobs are now shifting from industrial and large-scale forms to entrepreneurial jobs by capable people. Entrepreneurs need high psychological characteristics in addition to financial ability to succeed in their business in order to be successful in the face of challenges. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the success of tourism entrepreneurs in Mazandaran province. By examining library resources, two components of self-efficacy and motivation were selected due to their great impact on the job satisfaction and success of entrepreneurs. The research method is descriptive-analytical and survey method. Therefore, by collecting questionnaires from entrepreneurs in different sectors of tourism in 2019, this issue was studied in the field. The collected data were processed based on SPSS and Smart pls software. In this model, the effect of self-efficacy and motivation variables through the mediating variable of job satisfaction on the success of entrepreneurs was investigated. The results show that the variables of motivation and self-efficacy can explain 53.8% of the variance of the variable of job satisfaction. The job satisfaction variable also explains 34.6% of the success variable. Also, the challenge of activity from the variable of motivation, satisfaction with the income from entrepreneurship from the variable of job satisfaction, and belief in the abilities of individuals from the variable of self-efficacy, encouraging others for entrepreneurial activities from the variable of success, It is one of the items that has the most factor load. Finally, it can be concluded that psychological characteristics are very influential in the success of entrepreneurs and these components should be given serious attention in nurturing talented young people.

Creating spatial justice in public spaces has always been one of the biggest challenges for managers, planners, and architects. Thus, spaces must design to meet other groups’ different needs and preferences. One of these needs and differences between the two sexes is their difference in their sense of security. This study aims to explain the criteria and indicators of the security component in the form of a conceptual model and investigate the effect on student presence. The approach of this research is mixed, and its method in the qualitative part is content analysis; in the quantitative part, it is a survey, and in terms of purpose, it is practical. The research findings show that the criteria and indicators of the “security” component affecting student presence consist of the constructive dimensions of public open spaces and in three physical dimensions: “physical security” and “physical access”; Functional: “Spatial separation” and “Territorial control” and perceptional: “legibility” and “visual order,” and after analyzing the data and confirming the proposed conceptual model, it was found that all criteria of the security component except the visibility of the space are predictive of presence and what is more important between men and women in terms of security criteria for presence, respectively, based on the size of the effect, including legibility (0.23), visual order (0.23), physical security (0.18), Territorial control (0.15), Spatial separation (0.12), visibility (0.06) and physical access (0.05). Therefore, the environment’s response to the different needs of men and women in the sense of security leads to their more significant presence in space.

The purpose of urban governance is to strengthen the process of urban development so that city dwellers change from a passive citizen to an active and responsible citizen.Reform and revision of the country's urban management system with structural changes and the content of new perspectives in the field of urban management has been seriously emphasized. The purpose of the present study is the structural analysis of the basic challenges of decent urban governance, which is based on the purpose of the applied type and in terms of "nature and method" of the "descriptive-analytical" type. The statistical population is the metropolis of Tabriz and the sample size was obtained using the easy sampling method (132 people). The data collection method is a simple random method using a researcher-made questionnaire. To calculate the validity, the content and face validity method and technique were used and to assess the reliability of the research questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha (optimal reliability = 0.86) was used. Structural equation modeling method using partial least squares method has been used to analyze the data. The quantitative results of the research show the good fit of the structural equation model and its generalizability, and the qualitative results show the multiplicity of management and decision-making, and consequently the transparency and rule of law in the overt and covert decisions of city managers and the existence of stakeholders and stakeholders. Urban is an important challenge of urban governance in the case area, which requires attention to innovative activities to improve urban governance.

The elderly are one of the social groups that, due to their age and the relative decrease in work activities, mainly use urban spaces for voluntary and social activities. Aging and urbanization, due to their interaction with each other, are one of the important axes of study and planning to increase the quality of life of the elderly in the city. The main purpose of this study is to identify the patterns and characteristics of elderly-centered and elderly-friendly city design and specific objectives include understanding the approaches of geriatric sociologists, urban designers and other related fields on the necessity of addressing aging, understanding the requirements of elderly-friendly city And the existing facilities of Shiraz city to join the Jirga of elderly friendly cities in Iran. The research method in this research is of a fundamental-strategic type in terms of the results and consequences of the research, considering that it tries to evaluate and improve the urban space for the elderly; In terms of implementation process, considering that the collected data will be done through inferential and descriptive statistical methods and the use of Depth map software and geostatistical analysis in Arc GIS, it is of a small type. Findings of the study showed that the eighth district of Shiraz is not suitable for the elderly in terms of most aspects of design and planning such as social participation, access to public transportation and recreational spaces and uses, and in addition to physical components such as sidewalks, sometimes components The community in the eight municipalities of Shiraz has taken a different path from the route of the elderly-friendly city.

One of the main flows between urban and rural settlements is economic relations in the field of agriculture, which takes place by transferring the products produced to the urban market, followed by other existing flows (labor, people, capital, etc.). It affects. Spatial flows between urban and rural areas over time are key factors in the spatial evolution of rural settlements. These relationships, if complementary, lead to two-way operations and can pave the way for rural development. Accordingly, the purpose of this article is to explain the pattern of rural-urban economic relations in Khorramabad city with emphasis on agriculture. The research method is descriptive-analytical and information has been collected through documentary and field methods. The unit of farmers' analysis was the sample villages of Khorramabad city. In this study, 22 villages were selected using the assigned classification and in each of them, the economic relations of 383 rural agricultural households were examined as a sample. In this study, 5 main components and 41 items were used to explain the pattern of rural-urban economic relations. Data were analyzed in SPSS software using one-way analysis of variance. Findings showed that in most components, rural-urban economic relations in Khorramabad city are mainly with Khorramabad city and the pattern of rural-urban economic relations in the field of agriculture is a special type of "domination relations" with an exploitative nature. "Shows the rural areas from the city of Khorramabad. In fact, the existing economic relations have not led to complementary rural-urban ties and have been established in a parasitic manner with the domination of the city of Khorramabad and in favor of the city.

One of the most important challenges is investing, financing, and preparing the executive budget for various projects. Tourism projects also need funding to be done in a timely and appropriate manner. Therefore, determining the optimal capital structure will help identify appropriate financing tools in tourism projects. The purpose of this study is to determine the optimal capital structure in recreational projects in Mashhad using two methods including; "Performance calculation (DEA) through input-oriented, non-radial, scale productivity models" and "Maximum return analysis (EPS) and minimum financial risk (FL)". The statistical population of the study is recreational projects with a homogeneous capital structure in the city of Mashhad, of which 10 projects were considered as a statistical sample. The results showed that considering that a project will have a more optimal capital structure that has less financial risk and higher returns at the same time, projects No. 2 and 7 can simultaneously have two items with less risk and higher returns. Have the best performance in their capital structure, compared to other projects, and have been successful in choosing financing methods. Project No. 2 is a project whose share of financing through the method of "public-private partnership and personal capital and partnership with individuals and legal entities" is more than the share of the method of "bank facilities" and project 7 also has land and its share of financing The method of "personal capital and partnership with individuals and legal entities" has been more than the share of the method of "participatory financing and facilities". In terms of performance calculation results, it should be said that in recreational projects in Mashhad, current methods that increase the ratio of "capital to debt" are appropriate, so among the three most widely used financing methods among recreational projects studied is, the methods of "personal capital and partnership with individuals and legal entities", "bank facilities" and "public-private partnership", financing by increasing the share of the method of "personal capital and partnership with individuals and legal entities" compared to the other two methods It will make more projects successful.

The 2019 Covid-19 disease has caused disruptions in the production sectors, including smallholder farming systems and the livestock sector. The lived experiences of livestock farmers in facing the risk of Covid-19 have been advanced with the aim of identifying intervention strategies in current and future systems. This study deals with the understanding of lived experiences and resilient behavior patterns of rural livestock households in the face of the phenomenon of Covid-19 in Izeh city (Khuzestan province). This city is one of the areas with high potential for livestock and agricultural activities. Exploratory research method and data-based theory have been used. The current research has been carried out using qualitative research method, 17 active livestock farmers households with more than 50 animals and through semi-structured interviews. Based on the research data analysis process and scientific coding, 6 core categories include "disruption in the production cycle and household income"; "Intensification of the economic poverty of livestock farmers"; "Drought and seasonal diseases of livestock are resistant areas in the aggravation of the crisis conditions of livestock households"; "Demand and use of microfinance resources is an opportunity to get out of the crisis"; "Functional weakness of support and insurance structures"; And "socio-economic consequences during the severe risk of covid" were extracted. The focal phenomenon of the research is "Covid-19 and spatial inefficiency (structural-functional weakness)". This phenomenon explains that the existence of the risk of covid-19 reveals many institutional, political, economic and managerial inefficiencies in small livestock production systems and double pressures on livestock households. This research has provided conceptual and experimental ways to support smallholder agricultural systems, especially small farmers.

Sustainable development is a critical component of regional and urban planning, given ‎that Iran's eastern borders are more vulnerable than other regions due to ‎underdevelopment and poverty in the region. Areas to be worked on. The objective of ‎this study is to study the development capacities of the border town of Gosht, which is ‎the function of the city of Saravan. The search method is descriptive and analytical, ‎which was carried out as a library and in the field. The multi-criteria decision template ‎was created by VIKOR and SAW FUZZY. 20 of the most important development ‎capabilities in the study area were reviewed, and finally 4 of the most important ‎capabilities with indicators determined by 10 elites of the region selected by the ‎sample community were reviewed and re-scored. The results obtained from the SAW ‎FUZZY method showed the creation of border security through the transfer of the ‎border to indigenous people with a final definite score of 1.1, the creation of ‎employment and income through the border or cross-border trade with a definitive ‎final score of 1.006, Agriculture and related industries with a final score of 0.716 and ‎the development of mining and related industries with a final score of 0.715 are the ‎most important capabilities of the development of the Gosht border region. Therefore, ‎by creating border security in place First and foremost, the establishment of cross-‎border trade, agricultural prosperity, and related industries, as well as the exploitation ‎of the region's mines can lead to development and progress.‎

In Kerman desert province, the forest part in Baft county largely covered by wild pistachio and wild almond trees is of great significance. During the last two decades, the forest areas of Baft County have faced a crisis and the challenge of destruction due to the disruption of the natural cycle and the lack of awareness of communities about the importance of forests. Therefore, it is necessary to develop appropriate planning to prevent further degradation and comprehensive management in order to preserve and rehabilitate these forests. Therefore, the present study purposes to investigate the factors affecting the local participation of rural and nomadic forest dwellers and to examine the willingness to change the management structure from public to local management to protect and prevent deforestation in Baft county using the logit regression model. We studied nomadic villages and settlements as a case study and for the data required for the research, 197 questionnaires were designed using the Likert scale and in the summer and autumn of 1398 randomly among rural residents Nomads living in the forest basin were distributed and collected. Stata15 and N Logit 5 software were used for model estimation and quantitative and qualitative data analysis. Statistical results showed that men with a participation of 72% are more inclined to participate in forest protection than women with a participation of 28%. Findings of the Logit regression model showed that socio-economic variables, variables of internal ecosystem threats and forestry association variables have a significant effect at the levels of 1%, 5% and 10% on the participation model to protect and prevent deforestation. Also, the model simulation on the three variables of age, education and income confirmed the output of the logit model. According to the research findings, regional policymakers are highly advised to form forestry associations with the participation of local communities in the forest areas around the villages and nomadic settlements to protect and prevent deforestation. Also, by adjusting the type of forest ownership from the government to the local community, forests can be protected against any threat or crisis.

Considering the essential role of social sustainability in achieving the objectives of sustainable rural development in the territory As well as the importance of social capital and its indicators in the sustainability of economic structures and organizations, this study aimed to analyze the amount of social capital among members of rural development funds of Qasr-e Qand county. This study is an applied research and its research method is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of this study includes all members of Rural Development Funds in 30 target villages of Qasr-e Qand county with 1763 members that through random combination sampling and Cochran formula, 340 members were considered as sample population. The research data were obtained through library and field studies and analyzed by SPSS software using one-sample t-test and Pearson correlation. The findings of this study show that the amount of social capital among members of Rural Development Funds is (3.1) moderate. At this stage, the index of trust (3.3) is in the most appropriate situation and the index of social participation (3.2) (especially women's participation) and the impact of support structures (2.8) are in the weakest situation. Also, the results of Pearson correlation test indicate the existence of a positive and significant internal correlation (Sig = 0.000) of four indicators of social trust, social participation, support structures and social cohesion among members of development funds in rural settlements of Qasr-e Qand County. Therefore, it is necessary to provide rural good governance with appropriate policy and cooperation of rural development agencies and support structures, especially the Alavi Foundation for Members' Trust, Cohesion and Community Participation, in the future to see the development and productivity of rural development funds at the level of rural settlements of Qasr-e Qand county.Key words: Social Capital, Development Fund, Empowering Project, Qasr-e Qand County

Today, tourism in the world is considered as one of the most dynamic economic sectors and plays an important role in income creation and development of employment among the countries of the world. Sports tourism examines the presence and participation of athletes in sports competitions or engagement of spectators in watching sports events. Successful development in various economic activities are mainly dependent upon effective management. The purpose of this research is to investigate the functionality of management in the development of sustainable sports tourism in Armand section of Khanmirza County in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. This is an applied research using review (documentary-library) and field surveys. This study with a qualitative and exploratory research method employed thematic analysis in implementation. The statistical population are all the experts in the fields of physical education and sports management, sociology, geography and planning, and tourism, with scientific experiences in the field of sports tourism. Sampling was conducted in a purposeful way, and theoretical saturation was met by 10 interviews. The results have indicated that the application of integrated management along with the participation of local communities with environmental education and awareness can promote sustainable development of sports tourism and enhance the positive events related to sports in the study area. It was also revealed that application of efficient management methods supported by the planning and marketing of sports tourism can help this area to play a greater role in sports tourism and also increase its share and rank among other regions of the country in this type of tourism.

Development planners consider tourism activities as a key element of sustainable rural development. Nowadays, rural tourism can create jobs, increase income, and ultimately can bring welfare and improvement of living conditions for villagers. The most important purposes of rural tourism development are economic development, social and spatial development of rural communities. Nowadays, with 200 million employees, tourism accounts for about 8% of total global employment and is one of the five main sources of foreign exchange earnings for tourist countries such as China, Germany, Greece, the Netherlands, Spain, etc. The present study is in applied form and in terms of the method is descriptive-analytical based on field studies. The statistical population of the present study is rural households and the guest population in the villages of Maneh and Samalqan districts which includes 1321 households according to the 2016 census. 266 people were selected as a sample by using Cochran's formula. The questions in the present study were set on the Likert scale and in five grades (very low, low, medium, high, and very high). The reliability of the research tool was obtained by using Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the studied components which are equal to 81%. The extracted data from the questionnaire were analyzed by SPSS software and by utilizing descriptive and inferential tests. In addition, the results of Kendall rank correlation coefficient for the Symmetric variables, economic and physical development indicated a significant relationship up to 99% confidence level. Also, the results of the Friedman mean comparison test illustrate the importance of each of the examined items and explain the significant difference up to 99% confidence level between them. It is worth mentioning that the results of the Kruskal-Wallis test also indicate a significant difference of 99% among the indicators of economic, social, and physical development of the studied villages.

Tourism development is one of the challenges of countries, especially Iran, in their economic field. Today, most countries, especially Iran, are trying to transfer most of their income and GDP to tourism development. The development of tourism through the media makes diverse audiences familiar with culture of the communities. Tourist sites can witness direct impact of a media effect on the development of tourism activities. Since the role of media in tourism development has been less introduced in previous researches, the main issue in this research is the impact of media role in tourism development. The purpose of this article is to present a model for tourism development based on the role of the media. The research method used in this research is meta synthesis is one of the types of review research methods. For this purpose, the researcher has conducted an in-depth and detailed review on the subject and combined the findings of qualitative and quantitative studies. In this regard, 1324 researches were evaluated in the field of media and tourism development. Finally, 33 studies were selected by quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods. Overall, 48 codes, 9 concepts and 4 categories have been identified and classified as dimensions and components of the tourism development model based on the role of the media. The role of the media is explained in 9 concepts including destination brand, business, marketing, tourist behavioral intentions (mental), tourist social behaviors (objective), tourism crisis management, media coverage of tourist destination, culture, religion, education, infrastructure , Language and general information. The four categories obtained from this method are economic, social, environmental and cultural categories.